Populations, conquerors, cultures and ideas have swept across the steppes, deserts and mountains of Central Asia for thousands of years, and the region has been the focus of ancient East-West trade routes collectively called „The Silk Road”; it was the board on which the „Great Game” between big actors was played. The region represents the most concentrated mass of wealth in the world; these riches are becoming the stake in a new economic Great Game and new Silk Road. The study presents the situation, risks and challenges the countries of the region are facing with, mechanisms for coordinating their policies and creating a balance to western oriented organizations, involvement and assistance provided by international for a to build their capacity in different fields. The area remains a ground of increased interests and competition, between actors, indicating perspectives for building a new Silk Road.