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You are here: Home / TOPICS / GEOECONOMY / PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

by https://www.geopolitic.ro/author/

Mahnoor ARSHAD

Abstract. The economic stability of a country has a strong correlation with the performance of its energy sector. The more energy a country generates, the more economic growth it can achieve. Pakistan is a country that was severely hit by the prolonged energy crisis, which ultimately impacted its economy. This study, on the one hand, analyzes the causes of energy crisis while on the other, it casts light on the alternative / renewable sources of energy that Pakistan has adopted in order to overcome the challenge and bridge the gap between demand and supply. Future plans and existing frameworks drafted by the policy makers have also been discussed in the study, which shows the willingness of Pakistan to shift towards renewable energy technologies. The study anticipates the success of renewable energy in the coming years and also hopes to spark the interest of local as well as foreign investors to invest in the energy sector of Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is fast replacing non-renewable energy resources in the world. According to the ‘2019 Annual Renewable Capacity Statistics’ of International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the total installed renewable energy capacity of the world had increased from 1,136,226 MW in 2009 to 2,350,755 MW in 20181. Pakistan too has shown a major shift towards renewable energy in the recent years due to a number of factors such as the effects of climate change, the energy demand-supply gap causing long-hour load-shedding, and rural areas having no connectivity with the grids and thus having no electricity.

From 1997 to 2016, Pakistan, according to The Global Climate Risk Index 2018, remained 7th on the list of most-affected countries2. The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that in South Asia, warming above the global mean is bound to affect the glaciers’ melting rate and precipitation patterns (timing and strength of monsoon rainfall in particular), which will, in turn, impact the productivity and efficiency of water-dependent sectors such as agriculture and energy3. The impact of climate change on energy sector includes less reliability on hydroelectric power supplies due to reduction in water sources, less effi-ciency of fossil fuel and nuclear power plants due to less quantity and high temperature of water during hot weather conditions, and extra maintenance required for transmission and distribution systems due to natural disasters in the wake of climate change such as windstorms and floods4. In order to overcome these challenges, Pakistan is keenly looking towards alternatives and more viable options for energy generation, which is also one of the functions assigned to Pakistan Climate Change Authority5.

Today, energy is highly important for the agricultural, industrial, as well as domestic purposes alike. Currently, the main sources of energy in Pakistan are the thermal and hydropower generation. The recent energy shortfall coupled with its increasing demands by the ever-growing industry, agriculture and households not only resulted in frequent load-shedding but also hindered economic progress significantly. Rising prices of electricity have made access to affordable energy a rarity for many in Pakistan6. In order to overcome this challenge, Pakistan is looking towards and has adopted alternate sources of energy. If one takes an example from the agricultural sector alone, farmers, who had been heavily dependent on the electric tube wells, were now introduced to alternate sources of energy (such as diesel, solar photovoltaics and biogas) to power their water pumps. According to a survey in which 950 farmers were interviewed, 11% to 20% of the households that had adopted these alternate sources had been able to lower their poverty level. In addition, the productivity level of major cereal crops such as wheat, rice, and maize also increased significantly7.

In 2014, 35% population of the country was deprived of electricity due to no access to grids whereas in 2016, it was estimated as 26%8. Rural areas having no access to the grids may also adopt innovative solutions in order to ensure electricity there. Great interest is being shown in rural electrification through decentralized control architecture and net metering systems are becoming widespread9.

This paper aims to highlight:

  1. the current status of renewable sources in the energy sector of Pakistan,

  2. how Pakistan has come a long way when it comes to adoption of alternative energy resources,

  3. future plans involving renewable energy, and

  4. the policies that will shape the status of renewables and thereby improve the economy

Another important issue to be discussed in this paper is that renewable energy sector is expected to attract a significant investment in the country.

CURRENT STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
IN PAKISTAN

The need for renewable energy resources has grown in Pakistan over the years. In 2009, the total renewable energy production was 6,929 MW, which increased to 13,049 MW in 201810. In addition to this, the off-grid capacity increased from 5.750 MW in 2009 to 27.853 MW in 201811. These statistics show a considerable improvement in the status of renewable energy technologies implementation. A study conducted by Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) highlights various investments that have been made in the energy sector of Pakistan. One such example is a funding of $86.61 million by the Government of France to establish two hydro power projects12. A deeper insight of the various renewable energy technologies prevalent in Pakistan and the status of their implementation and adaptation paint a clearer picture.

Hydro Energy

As of June 2019, the total installed capacity of total hydropower plants was 9,473.25 MW out of a total installed national capacity of 34,916 MW13. This equates to nearly 30% of the total electricity generation of Pakistan. According to a report titled: “2019: Hydropower Status Report – Sector Trends and Insights”, released by the International Hydropower Association, Pakistan has been ranked 3rd in the world for newly-installed hydropower capacity14. It further states that Pakistan managed to add 2,487 MW of environment-friendly hydel electricity in 2018 through the successful completion of three mega hydel projects, China being ranked at number 1 for having added 8,540 MW followed by Brazil with an addition of 3,866 MW15. Pakistan has a potential for 50,000 MW of hydro power, most of which is still waiting to be explored16.

Solar Photovoltaic Energy

Solar Energy projects (both small and large-scale) are increasingly becoming widespread in Pakistan, especially in areas that are off-grid. The first on grid solar power plant of about 178 kW, namely Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, was commissioned in 2010 and inaugurated in 2012. The plant has net metering facility through which the surplus energy is being sold to Islamabad Electric Supply Company17. Following the completion of this plant, construction of solar power projects has gained momentum and reached an installed capacity of 400 MW out of a total national installed capacity of 34,916 MW in June 201918. Distributed generation has given rise to the active use of net metering system, an example of which is the 2 MW solar powered system installed at the National Assembly of Pakistan, which fulfils the assembly’s electricity needs and then dispatches the surplus to the national grid19.

Wind Energy

Wind energy has immense potential in Pakistan especially along the coastal lines of Balochistan and Sindh provinces. The first wind power project was installed by Fauji Fertilizer Company Energy Limited in 201320. Since then, a number of projects have been installed and with them the capacity of wind energy plants reached 1,333.3 MW by June 201921.

Bagasse

There are about 83 sugar mills in the country that have the potential to produce about 3,000 MW electricity. Out of these, currently four industries have installed power plants operational on bagasse extracted from sugar cane crushing and amount to a total capacity of 145.1 MW22.

Biogas

Under various projects, 4,500 biogas plants have so far been installed in different areas of Pakistan. Apart from this, the PC-1 project was also approved in which a target of 1,200 biogas plants was fixed, but 400 more plants than the target had been installed by 200623. Since then, the installation of biogas plants has gained momentum and has become quite widespread. Another example of a relevant project is the installation of a 1,200 m3 biogas plant by Revgreen Pakistan at Starlet Shoes Sheikhupura Road which fulfils the requirements of the industry24.

An overview of various renewable energy resources adopted by Pakistan show that considerable progress has been made over the years, but there is more to follow. Table 125 shows in detail the renewable energy projects that have been successfully installed in Pakistan.

Table 1. Existing Installed Capacity of Renewable Energy Projects in Pakistan till June 2018

 

No

Name of Power Station

Fuel

Installed
Capacity
(MW)

        1. Hydel WAPDA

1

Tarbela Water 3478

Water

3,478

2

T-4 U-I

Water

470

3

Mangla

Water

1,000

4

Ghazi Barotha

Water

1,450

5

Warsak

Water

243

6

Chashma Low Head

Water

184

7

Allai Khwar HPP

Water

121

8

Jinnah Low Head

Water

96

9

Small Hydels

Water

128

10

Khan Khwar HPP

Water

72

11

Dubair Khwar

Water

130

12

Neelum Jehlum

Water

969

2. Wind Power Projects

1

Fauji Wind Power

Wind

50

2

Zorlu Energy Wind Power

Wind

56

3

TGF

Wind

50

4

FWEL-I

Wind

50

5

FWEL-II

Wind

50

6

Sapphire Wind Power Co. Ltd.

Wind

50

7

Metro Power Co. Ltd.

Wind

50

8

Yunus Energy Ltd.

Wind

30

9

Tapal Wind Energy (Pvt) Ltd.

Wind

50

10

Master Wind Energy Limited

Wind

50

11

Tenaga Generasi Limited

Wind

50

12

Gul Ahmed Energy Limited

Wind

50

13

Dawood Wind

Wind

50

14

Sachal Wind

Wind

50

15

United Energy

Wind

50

16

Artistic Wind

Wind

50

17

Jhimpir Power

Wind

50

18

Hawa Wind (HEPL)

Wind

50

19

TGT Wind

Wind

50

3. Bagasse Projects

1

JDW-II

Bagasse

26

2

JDW-III

Bagasse

27

3

RYKML

Bagasse

30

4

Chiniot Power

Bagasse

120

5

Fatima

Bagasse / Coal

15

6

Hamza Sugar

Bagasse

63

7

Thal Power

Bagasse

25

4. Solar Power Projects

1

Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park

Solar

100

2

Appolo Solar

Solar

100

3

Best Green Solar

Solar

100

4

Crest Energy Solar

Solar

100

 

Source: Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf

Table 1 shows the immense progress Pakistan has made where the only renewable energy generation was hydel and even biogas to an extent initially, but over time it has been ensured that other renewable energy resources are also adopted in the country.

OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE

Despite having made considerable advancement when it comes to the exploit-tation of renewable energy resources for a better economy and stable energy sector, Pakistan still has a long way to go and is making all necessary efforts to achieve sus-tainable and environment-friendly energy generation systems through planned projects, policy frameworks as well as research and development work done by various institutions.

According to the Annual Plan 2019-2020 presented by the Ministry of Planning, Development, and Reform, Table 226 lists down all future projects that are due to be completed by 2020. A vast majority of hydel power projects are due to be completed by 2020 followed by a number of bagasse powered plants. Pakistan has immense potential for renewable energy resources and is doing so with great persistence.

There are a number of policy frameworks in Pakistan that have also pressed upon the importance of promoting renewable energy resources. The Economic Survey 2018-19 highlights how the government is trying to ensure the availability and security of sustainable energy services to attract local and foreign investment in the energy sector. The Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan (IGCEP) 2018-40 mentioned in the Survey also talks about shift from thermal power generation to renewables and nuclear power. A considerable amount of taxpayers’ money is spent on the subsidy of 30,000 tube wells in Balochistan. Therefore, in order to ease the burden on the tax-payers, a feasibility study is being carried out to explore the prospects of adopting solar tube wells27. Among various incentives being offered in order to encourage the use of renewable energy technologies, the State Bank of Pakistan’s Financing Scheme for Renew–able Energy was also revised in June 2016 for sponsors desirous of setting up renewable energy power projects as well as consumers willing to install these facilities28.

Various donor-funded projects in energy sector are due to be completed in the coming years. Pakistan is one of the 120 countries committed to achieving the objectives set under the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative of the United Nations. As part of a project by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for achieving these objectives, Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) has been assigned the task to add 9,700 MW to the national grid by 2030 out of which 1,200 MW of renewable energy has been added29. The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program financially supported by six funding bodies (such as Asian Development Bank) has been able to provide $29.4 billion for transport, energy, and trade sectors of various countries, including Pakistan30. Among a number of other investments, USAID has recently committed $43 million for the upgradation of the country’s transmission system as well as construction along the Gharo-Keti Bandar wind corridor31.

Table 2. Renewable Energy Projects Due to be Completed by June 2020

No

Name of Power Station

Location

Agency Date

Fuel

MW

Commissioning

1

Zorlu Enerji Elektrik Uretim A.S

Bahawalpur

PPDB

Solar

100

July 2019

2

Hamza Sugar Mills Ltd.

Muzaffargarh

AEDB

Baggase

30

Sept 2019

3

RYK Energy Limited

Rahim Yar Khan

AEDB

Baggase

25

Sept 2019

4

HSM Energy Ltd.

Nawabshah

AEDB

Bagasse

27

Sept 2019

5

TAY Power Gen Ltd.

Tando Allah Yar

AEDB

Baggase

30

Sept 2019

6

Two Star Industries Pvt Ltd.

Toba Tek Singh

AEDB

Baggase

49

Sept 2019

7

Faran Power Ltd.

Tando Muhammad Khan

AEDB

Baggase

27

Sept 2019

8

Mirpurkhas Energy Ltd.

Mirpurkhas

AEDB

Baggase

26

Sept 2019

9

Alliance Sugar Mills Ltd.

Ghotki

AEDB

Baggase

30

Sept 2019

10

Sheikhoo Power Ltd.

Muzaffargarh

AEDB

Baggase

30

Sept 2019

11

Mehran Energy Ltd.

Tando Allahyar

AEDB

Baggase

27

Sept 2019

12

Sadiqabad Power Pvt Ltd.

Rahim Yar Khan

AEDB

Baggase

45

Sept 2019

13

Gotki Power Pvt Ltd.

Ghotki

AEDB

Baggase

45

Sept 2019

14

Gulpur Poonch river

Poonch River, Gulpur, AJ&K

PPIB

Hydel

102

Nov. 2019

15

Koto Hydropower project

Lower Dir

PEDO

Hydel

40.8

Dec. 2019

16

Karora Hydropower Project

Shangla

PEDO

Hydel

12

Jan. 2020

17

Jabori Hydropower Project

Mansehra

PEDO

Hydel

10.2

Oct. 2019

18

Hydel Power Project at Batogah Ph-III Chilas. R)

Batogah Diamer

W&P GB

Hydel

0.7

30th June, 2020

19

HPP Batogah (PhaseIV) Chilas.

Batogah Diamer

W&P GB

Hydel

1

30th June, 2020

20

HPP at Gais Chilas

Gais Diamer

W&P GB

Hydel

1

30th June, 2020

21

HPP at Manikal Darel, Diamer.

Manikal Darel Diamer

W&P GB

Hydel

1

30th June, 2020

22

Up-grading of 160 KW Hydro Power Station Tangir to 02 MW

Tangir Diamer

W&P GB

Hydel

2

30th June, 2020

26

Uprating of 160 KW to 750 KW Hydel Station Birga

Birgal Ghizer

W&P GB

Hydel

0.75

30th June, 2020

24

Const. of 0.5 MW HPP Nar Ph-II Skardu.

Nar Skardu

W&P GB

Hydel

0.5

30th June, 2020

25

HPP Sherqila Ph-III.

Sherqillah Ghizer

W&P GB

Hydel

1

30th June, 2020

26

Uprating of 160 KW to 750 KW Hydel Station Birga

Birgal Ghizer

W&P GB

Hydel

0.75

30th June, 2020

27

Const. of 0.5 MW HPP (Phase-II)

Keris Ghanche

W&P GB

Hydel

0.5

30th June, 2020

28

Const. of 0.800 MW HPP

Rehman Nullah Astore

W&P GB

Hydel

0.8

30th June, 2020

29

HPP Dichal Dashkin Astore

Dichel Dashkhin Astore

W&P GB

Hydel

2

30th June, 2020

30

Const. of 2 MW HPP, stage-I

Yashleto Astore

W&P GB

Hydel

2

30th June, 2020

31

2.00 MW HPP at Hisper River Nagar-I

Hisper Nagar

W&P GB

Hydel

2

30th June, 2020

32

Const. of 16 MW Hydel Power Project Naltar-III

Nalter Gilgit

W&P GB

Hydel

16

30th June, 2020

Total (MW): 688

Source: Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf

The EU – Pakistan Strategic Engagement Plan also aims to strengthen cooperation in the energy sector. It includes renewable energy generation and exploring possibilities for joint initiatives to work on the Sustainable Energy for All initiative32.

In addition to the work being carried out on the policy level and international collaborations, some of which have been highlighted above, concerted efforts are also being made by various institutions to make the use of renewable energy and awareness relevant to it more widespread. The AEDB was established in 2003 and has had great contribution in promoting and facilitating the use of renewable energy technologies in the country. Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET) and Center for Energy Research and Development (CERAD) are also two prominent institutions working on the matter at hand. Research and development centers for renewable energy formed in various universities (including National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), and University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Taxila) are also conducting extensive research on relevant topics such as photovoltaic powered vehicles and biofuel technology.

CONCLUSION

Renewable energy has started creating a significant impact on the energy mix plan of Pakistan. Given the situation of completed renewable energy projects, ongoing ones, research work being carried out by organizations as well as policy making, renewable energy technology is bound to become a dominant shareholder in the energy mix of Pakistan. Consequently, not only will affordable and sustainable energy become a commonality in the country and the issue of climate change addressed to a great extent, the economy is also bound to improve manifold and bring prosperity to Pakistan.

References

  1. IRENA Renewable Capacity Statistics 2019. Available [online]: https://www.irena.org/publications/ 2019/Mar/Renewable-Capacity-Statistics-2019.

  2. Global Climate Risk Index 2018. Available [online]: https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/ files/publication/20432.pdf.

  3. Y. Hijioka et al. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability – Asia. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 1350.

  4. R. Tariq and G.R. Athar. Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Energy Sector of Pakistan. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. p. 124. Available [online]: http://nijesr.iefr.edu.pk/journalFolder/6/8e6bd.pdf.

  5. The Gazette of Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1491459994_555.pdf.

  6. Asif M. 2012. Energy Crisis in Pakistan Origins, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions. OUP Catalogue; 2012.

  7. Sandilah MN, Yasin HM. 2011. Economic Growth and Regional Convergence: the case of Pakistan. Pak Dev Rev 2011, p. 333-53.

  8. Ali, A., Rahut, D. B., & Behera, B. 2016. Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of energy-based water pumps and impacts on crop productivity and household income in Pakistan. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews.

  9. Samad, H., & Zhang, F. 2018. Electrification and household welfare: Evidence from Pakistan (Policy Research Working Paper No. 8582). Washington, DC: The World Bank.

  10. Nasir, M., Jin, Z., Khan, H., Zaffar, N., Vasquez, J., Guerrero, J.M., 2018b. A decentralized control architecture applied to DC nanogrid clusters for rural electrification in developing regions. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

  11. Khan, H and Ahmed, V. (2015). Fund-raising for Energy Projects in Pakistan. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. Working Paper No. 149. Available [online]: https://www.sdpi.org/publications/files/Fund-raising-for-Energy-Projects-in-Pakistan(W%20-%20149).pdf.

  12. Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf.

  13. 2019: Hydropower Status Report – Sector Trends and Insights. Available [online]: https://www.hydro power.org/status2019.

  14. Ahmed, V. 2014. A case of energy diplomacy. The News on Sunday-International The News. Available [online]: http://tns.thenews.com.pk/case-energy-diplomacy/#.XSnCnj8zbIW.

  15. Quaid-e-Azam Solar Power (PVT) Ltd. Available [online]: http://www.qasolar. com/.

  16. National Assembly of Pakistan, Pakistan’s Parliament Goes Green. Available: [online]: http://www.na.gov.pk.

  17. Ghafoor A, Ur Rehman T, Munir A, Ahmad M, Iqbal M. 2016. Current status and overview of renewable energy potential in Pakistan for continuous energy sustainability. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;60:1332-42.

  18. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB). Ministry of Water and Power, Government of Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.aedb.org/.

  19. Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16. Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, Available [online]: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1516.html.

  20. Uddin W, Khan B, Shaukat N, Majid M, Mujtaba G, Mehmood A, Ali SM, Younas U, Anwar M, Almeshal AM. Biogas potential for electric power generation in Pakistan: a survey. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;54:25-33.

  21. Revgreen Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.revgreenpk.com/index.php? Option=com_phocagallery &view=category&id=13:1200-cm-plant&Itemid=6.

  22. Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19. Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/14-Energy.pdf.

  23. Revised SBP Financing Scheme for Renewable Energy. Available [online]: http://www.sbp.org.pk/smefd/ circulars/2016/C3.html.

  24. Sustainable Energy for all. United Nations Development Programme. Available [online]: http://www.pk. undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/projects/SE4ALL.html.

  25. Arshad, Y. and Ahmed, V. (2018). Corridors for Competition or Cooperation? Perspectives from Southern Asia. Criterion Quarterly. Available [online]: http://www.criterion-quarterly.com/corridors-competition-cooperation-perspectives-southern-asia/.

  26. USAID. Available [online]. https://www.usaid.gov/pakistan/energy.

  27. EU-Pakistan Strategic Engagement Plan. Available [online]. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eu-pakistan_strategic_engagement_plan.pdf..

 Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan email id: mahnoor@sdpi.org

1 IRENA Renewable Capacity Statistics 2019. Available [online]: https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/ Mar/Renewable-Capacity-Statistics-2019.

2 Global Climate Risk Index 2018. Available [online]: https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/ publication/20432.pdf.

3 Y. Hijioka et al. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability – Asia. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 1350.

4 R. Tariq and G.R. Athar. Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Energy Sector of Pakistan. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. p. 124. Available [online]: http://nijesr.iefr.edu.pk/journalFolder/6/8e6bd.pdf.

5 The Gazette of Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1491459994_555.pdf.

6 Asif M. 2012. Energy Crisis in Pakistan Origins, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions. OUP Catalogue; 2012. Sandilah MN, Yasin HM. 2011. Economic Growth and Regional Convergence: the case of Pakistan. Pak Dev Rev 2011, p. 333-53.

7 Ali, A., Rahut, D. B., & Behera, B. 2016. Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of energy-based water pumps and impacts on crop productivity and household income in Pakistan. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews.

8 Samad, H., & Zhang, F. 2018. Electrification and household welfare: Evidence from Pakistan (Policy Research Working Paper No. 8582). Washington, DC: The World Bank.

9 Nasir, M., Jin, Z., Khan, H., Zaffar, N., Vasquez, J., Guerrero, J.M., 2018b. A decentralized control architecture applied to DC nanogrid clusters for rural electrification in developing regions. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

10 IRENA Renewable Capacity Statistics 2019. Available [online]: https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Mar/ Renewable-Capacity-Statistics-2019.

11 Ibid.

12 Khan, H and Ahmed, V. (2015). Fund-raising for Energy Projects in Pakistan. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. Working Paper No. 149. Available [online]: https://www.sdpi.org/publications/files/Fund-raising-for-Energy-Projects-in-Pakistan(W%20-%20149).pdf.

13 Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf.

14 2019: Hydropower Status Report – Sector Trends and Insights. Available [online]: https://www.hydropower. org/status2019.

15 Ibid.

16 Ahmed, V. 2014. A case of energy diplomacy. The News on Sunday-International The News. Available [online]: http://tns.thenews.com.pk/case-energy-diplomacy/#.XSnCnj8zbIW.

17 Quaid-e-Azam Solar Power (PVT) Ltd. Available [online]: http://www.qasolar. com/.

18 Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf.

19 National Assembly of Pakistan, Pakistan’s Parliament Goes Green. Available: [online]: http://www.na.gov.pk.

20 Ghafoor A, Ur Rehman T, Munir A, Ahmad M, Iqbal M. 2016. Current status and overview of renewable energy potential in Pakistan for continuous energy sustainability. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;60:1332-42.

21 Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf.

22 Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB). Ministry of Water and Power, Government of Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.aedb.org/. Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16. Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan., Available [online]: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1516.html.

23 Uddin W, Khan B, Shaukat N, Majid M, Mujtaba G, Mehmood A, Ali SM, Younas U, Anwar M, Almeshal AM. Biogas potential for electric power generation in Pakistan: a survey. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;54:25-33.

24 Revgreen Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.revgreenpk.com/index.php? Option=com_phocagallery &view=category&id=13:1200-cm-plant&Itemid=6.

25 Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf.

26 Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning Development and Reform Annual Plan 2019-20. Available [online]: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/annualplan/AnnualPlan2019-20.pdf.

27 Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19. Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan. Available [online]: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/14-Energy.pdf.

28 Revised SBP Financing Scheme for Renewable Energy. Available [online]: http://www.sbp.org.pk/smefd/ circulars/2016/C3.html.

29 Sustainable Energy for all. United Nations Development Programme. Available [online]: http://www.pk. undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/projects/SE4ALL.html.

30 Arshad, Y. and Ahmed, V. (2018). Corridors for Competition or Cooperation? Perspectives from Southern Asia. Criterion Quarterly. Available [online]: http://www.criterion-quarterly.com/corridors-competition-cooperation-perspectives-southern-asia/.

31 USAID. Available [online]. https://www.usaid.gov/pakistan/energy.

32 EU-Pakistan Strategic Engagement Plan. Available [online]. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eu-pakistan_strategic_engagement_plan.pdf.

7

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