Since the 1980s, a wave of scholars influenced by critical international relations theory, postmodern philosophy (Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault), the Frankfurt School, and Antonio Gramsci has reshaped geopolitical thought. This movement, known as critical geopolitics, was also inspired by the French geographer Yves Lacoste, who revived the strategic relevance of geography. In contrast to traditional or classical geopolitics—epitomized by thinkers like Mackinder and Mahan—critical geopolitics focuses not on state strategy but on deconstructing the power-laden discourses that shape geopolitical narratives.