Bilateral trade increased from approximately $500 million in 2010 to between $1.7 and $2.0 billion in 2023, primarily because of Indian exports of pharmaceuticals and machinery, as well as Central Asian exports of energy and fertilisers.
Principal constraints are deficient land and sea corridor integration and limited trade finance for SMEs; completion of the International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and the Chabahar terminal agreement are central to any near-term expansion.