Russia has transformed its nuclear strategy following the 2022 Ukraine invasion, which integrates nuclear signaling into conventional conflict through calculated ambiguity and graduated escalation. This article reveals how Russia employs nuclear gestures not primarily to deter nuclear attacks but to discourage Western proactiveness. This strategic shift presents unique challenges for European security architecture, requiring fundamental reassessment of deterrence frameworks across five dimensions: capability, institutional, normative, perceptual, and alliance. As traditional boundaries between war and peace fade, European nations must develop new cooperative approaches to nuclear policy while maintaining credible deterrence in an era of strategic uncertainty.
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