The UN’s SDG 7, to be achieved by 2030, i.e., five years from now, is to ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services while substantially increasing the share of renewable energy (Fig. 1). There will be a need for increased improvement in energy efficiency, enhancing international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy and energy efficiency, and advancing and promoting investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology¹.

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