The long-standing enmity between Iran and Israel has intensified in recent years, reaching dangerous new heights in 2024 and 2025. The animosity between the two nations, deeply rooted in ideological, geopolitical, and strategic rivalries, has manifested in proxy conflicts, cyber warfare, diplomatic isolation, and direct military confrontations. While much attention has been paid to the military and political dimensions of the conflict, there has been comparatively less focus on its human rights ramifications. This article seeks to explore the current Iran-Israel situation through a human rights lens, examining the conflict’s effects on civilian populations, the displacement of people, regional stability, freedom of expression, and international humanitarian law (Geneva Conventions, 1949).

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