The securitization of cyberspace has become an inescapable feature of contemporary governance. In many states, cybersecurity is no longer confined to specialized technical agencies or intelligence services. It has evolved into a broad concern involving multiple institutional actors operating across sectors and administrative levels. In Indonesia, the escalation of cyber threats—ranging from data breaches and financial fraud to hacktivism and digital disinformation—has prompted both legal and institutional responses aimed at enhancing state capacity in cyberspace.

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